The research uses a new methodology for understanding the phenomenon of human life, within which functions of description, comparison, interpretation, explanation and forecast are performed. Changes in the structure of pedagogical cognition, that aims to get objective knowledge about a human being, have been shown in the article.

Solving the problem of pedagogical assistance to adolescents in overcoming the consequences of returning from substitute families, the authors of the article turn to such a condition as the formation of resilience. Viability is the adolescent's willingness and ability to comprehend his feelings and experiences related to the cessation of his life activity within the family system, based on the values of vitality and understanding of his own internal resources, to determine ways out of a difficult life situation and build an optimistic way of interacting with the outside world.

Theoretical models are an effective tool for knowledge in the sciences of nature. However, in pedagogy, in the methodology and methodology of teaching natural sciences, there is a real danger of completely replacing the study of nature with the study of models. This danger does not diminish, but increases with the development of science due to the gradual increase in the share of theory in the total amount of scientific knowledge and its complication.

The article considers the possibilities of thesaurus approach in the development of humanitarian thinking of schoolchildren in the conditions of regionalization of education. Local orientation, as one of the features of humanitarian thinking, is a condition of reflexive understanding of personal experience in the context of universal values on the borders of cultures. It is proved that humanitarian thinking is based on personal experience (obtained as a result of selective understanding of the world by the subject), which is arranged as a thesaurus, performs its role and functions.

This article presents the problems of learning in the higher education institution connected with the transition to two-tier system of education (bachelor's programme, master's programme ): organization of student's self-study, practice duration and learning in total decrease, cancellation of the final state exam.

The relevance of this article is due to the necessity of development cognitive activity of schoolchildren at a higher level. Its main goal is to identify the main ways of effective development logical thinking of junior students. Problems of determining the specifics of development this phenomenon in Russian and Bulgarian elementary systems and in identifying the main directions of development children’s cognitive activity in the process of using logical operations are considered in it. This article consists of introduction, the main part and inference presented by conclusions.